|
原文选自美国边境牧羊犬协会.
文章网址 http://www.americanbordercollie.org/Health%20and%20Genetics%20of%20Border%20Collies.htm 中文翻译:BLACK_WHITE 如文中有翻译错误及不妥之处请广大网友及英文爱好者指正. 英文原文如下. The Border Collie stands alone in its exceptional ability to work livestock. ABCA defines the breed by this working ability. The main goal of any Border Collie breeder should be to produce sound, useful, working dogs. While Border Collies also excel in many non-herding activities, they should be bred primarily to work livestock. The ultimate responsibility for maintaining the integrity of this as yet unspoiled breed lies with the breeders. Breeders are urged to take this responsibility seriously. Puppy buyers are encouraged to buy only from those breeders who do take this responsibility seriously. Both breeders and buyers should understand there are risks involved in any breeding, regardless of the amount of care taken to avoid problems. In order to ensure a healthy gene pool for future generations of Border Collies, breeding prospects should be evaluated with reasonable concern for potential problems and realistic goals for what will be produced. The breeding prospect should be considered as a whole being, with positive and negative aspects of the individual being weighed and balanced for an overall picture of a dog's suitability. Breeding should be undertaken with thoughts of what the parents have to offer to their pups that could benefit the breed. Genetic Diseases To be considered a genetic disease, a health problem needs to have been demonstrated to be heritable, that is, passed on through one or both parents. Some diseases have high heritability, which means if the genes are present, the individual will have the disease, and some diseases have low heritability, meaning both genetic and environmental factors are involved in whether the disease occurs. It is generally easier to control diseases with high heritability because all individuals with the genetic makeup for the disease can usually be identified. The term heritable disease should be distinguished from the term congenital disease, or problems that are present from birth, which may or may not be heritable. Border Collies are considered to be a generally healthy breed. However, as in all animals, there are some potential health problems. This information is presented to help both breeders and buyers to become more aware of some of the health and genetic issues in the breed at this time. The primary genetic diseases currently thought to be a problem in the breed are as follows: Hip Dysplasia (HD) HD is by far the most prevalent known genetic disease that affects Border Collies. Factors that contribute to the development of HD ultimately cause the hip joint to be damaged. Joint damage called osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative joint disease (DJD) is manifested by cartilage and bone breakdown and irregular bony remodeling in response to stresses and inflammatory processes in the joint. DJD is, in effect, the identifiable result of factors that cause HD. The standard for diagnosing HD at this time is still the front extended-leg view of the hips on x-ray such as that evaluated by The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA). OFA reports a 12.6% affected rate for Border Collies evaluated from 1974-2000. This HD incidence ranks them somewhere in the middle of the dog breeds. Pre-submission screening and selection for probable favorable OFA results by owners and their veterinarians very likely skews this percentage significantly to the low side. Therefore, the true incidence of HD is probably much higher, possibly as high as double the OFA figure. If true, this would mean, on average, one out of every four Border Collies has HD. Despite what some may claim, data from numerous scientific studies provide overwhelming evidence that HD is an inherited disease. It is thought to be caused by at least three and possibly as many as six primary genes. The number of genes involved, combined with the high incidence, means it's probable that most Border Collies are at least carriers of one or more of the genes that can contribute to the development of HD, even if they don't have the disease themselves. To confuse matters more, the expression of the disease is affected by environmental conditions such as the type and amount of food a dog gets at critical growth stages, as well as the type and amount of exercise and activity it gets. It must be remembered, however, that these environmental factors do not cause HD. They merely affect whether the HD genes present in that individual will be expressed to the fullest. Even if the expression of HD in a certain individual is suppressed by careful control of environmental factors, you have not changed the dog's genetic makeup. That dog will still pass on the genetic tendency for HD just as if it actually had the disease. Conversely, if a dog does not have the genes for HD, it won't develop the disease no matter how it's raised. The possible incidence of one in four dogs may seem falsely high if the presence of HD is defined by dogs showing significant lameness. The clinical symptoms of HD do not always correlate well with the severity of the disease as judged by radiological findings. Border Collies with HD that are fortunate enough to show few if any symptoms may have progeny that are not so fortunate. The exact complex combination of genetic and environmental factors that contributed to an individual's lack of symptoms will not occur in its pups. Therefore, it is important to remember that a high tolerance of an individual for the effects of HD does not mean that individual is suitable as a breeding prospect. The best way, at this time, to avoid producing puppies with a predisposition to develop HD is to test both parents and be aware of the hip status of other related dogs such as the parents' other progeny, the parents' parents, and the littermates and half siblings of the parents. The more tested, unaffected dogs there are in the pedigrees, the better the chances of producing unaffected pups. Unfortunately, even following the most stringent guidelines, puppies may still be produced that will develop HD. This does not mean there's no point in testing parents before breeding them. This line of false reasoning is akin to arguing that, because working parents will occasionally produce pups that won't work, there's no point in testing the working ability of breeding stock. Selection for good hips will increase your chances of producing pups with good hips, but it's unrealistic to expect that puppies with HD will never be produced from tested, unaffected parents. Likewise, it is unrealistic to expect every dog who has ever produced a pup with HD to be banned from breeding. Since it's likely that most non HD-affected Border Collies are carriers of one or more of the genes for HD, most dogs will produce at least one pup with HD if bred enough times. Sooner or later, a cross with another carrier will produce the wrong combination of the HD genes and an affected pup will result. Given the incidence and complexities involved with HD in our breed, the recommendations at this time are to breed only hip tested, unaffected parents. Also, try to plan crosses having as many tested, unaffected dogs in the pedigrees of both parents as possible. If an affected puppy is produced from a cross of two unaffected parents, at the very least, don't repeat that particular cross because that affected puppy has proven that the two parents can together provide the right combinations of genes to create more puppies with HD. The ABCA Health and Genetics Committee is investigating a promising new technique that measures several factors involved in the development of HD. This procedure involves taking hip x-rays on a sedated dog while the dog is in a kneeling position. This angle is favorable for identifying strengths and weaknesses in the hip joint in a more natural, weight-bearing position. This type of measurement is called a Dorsolateral Subluxation (DLS) measurement. ABCA is planning a study to evaluate this technique in 8-12 month old Border Collies. 附图如下: 
爪子 于 2006-06-05 14:05 最后编辑
|
|
Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA) CEA is a congenital disorder where the parts of the eye, particularly the retinal area, do not develop normally. The severity of the disease ranges from no visual impairment to blindness. It is not a progressive disease and affected dogs normally only have mildly impaired vision. Puppies should be tested before 12 weeks of age, if possible, by a Diplomate of the Association of Canine Veterinary Ophthalmologists (DACVO) because some dogs have a mild form of the disease called "go normal", where normal tissue grows over and covers up the diseased area as the dog matures. Identification of "go normals" is important, as these dogs are affected with CEA and will produce affected puppies just as if they had full blown expression of the disease.
This disease is much more straightforward than HD in both its inheritance patterns and in our ability to control it. CEA is an autosomal recessive disorder. Autosomal means it is passed on and expressed equally in males or females. Recessive means a dog may carry a bad CEA gene and pass it on to its offspring without having the disease itself. A dog is defined as Clear if it has no bad CEA genes. A dog is defined as a Carrier if it has one bad CEA gene and one normal gene. Both the Carrier and the Clear dogs will be unaffected and will test negative for CEA in the eye exam. A dog is defined as Affected if it eye tests positive for CEA. The outcomes of the different crosses of these dogs are as follows: Clear X Clear = 100% CEA Clear puppies Clear X Carrier = on average, 50% Clear, 50% Carriers Clear X Affected = 100% Carriers Carrier X Carrier = on average, 25% Clear, 50% Carriers, 25% Affected Carrier X Affected = on average, 50% Affected, 50% Carriers Affected X Affected = 100% Affected The incidence of CEA in Border Collies in North America is about 2.5%. The carrier rate is probably ten times that figure, or 25%. Until very recently, the only way to know if a dog was a Carrier was for it to produce an Affected puppy. Since there are so many unknown Carriers, that meant there was no way to prevent inadvertantly producing Affected puppies. The ABCA, with support from other working Border Collie groups and owners, funded Dr Gregory Acland from the James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, to develop a DNA test for CEA. That project was successful, and since the beginning of 2005 a test has been available which can determine whether a dog is Affected, a Carrier, or Clear. The test is being administered through OptiGen, LLC, and further details about it can be obtained on their website at www.optigen.com. The ABCA recommendations regarding CEA will shortly be updated in response to the availability of this new test and the statistical data so far gleaned from it.. In the meantime, the recommendations are as follows: --For owners of known Carriers (unaffected dogs that have produced a CEA affected puppy) - ABCA recommends that anyone who inquires about the dog's progeny or as a mate be told that it is a Carrier. It also recommends that people who have any of this dog's progeny be informed that all its offspring have at least a 50% chance of also being a Carrier even if the other parent is neither a Carrier nor Affected. -- For breeders of a litter in which one parent is a known Carrier - The ABCA recommends that all puppies in the litter have an ophthalmic examination by a DACVO by 12 weeks for accurate detection of "go normal" CEA. If this examination cannot be done, it is recommended that the puppy buyers be informed that they must determine from an ophthalmic examination that the dog is not affected with CEA before it is considered for breeding, as the progeny of affected dogs are not eligible for registration. --Do not breed two known Carriers together, as this will likely result in Affected puppies. --Do not breed CEA affected dogs. These dogs and their progeny are not eligible for registration with ABCA at this time. Epilepsy Epilepsy is a disease characterized by seizures or "fits" as they are sometimes called. Although it's clear Border Collies can be affected with epilepsy, the incidence and heritability in our breed are unknown. The ABCA is conducting a health survey to determine the extent of this problem in the breed. Please help us in this effort, whether you have an affected dog or not, by responding to the health survey on ABCA's web page listed below. Since there can be many causes, determining why a dog has seizures is a complex process. The diagnosis of primary epilepsy is made based on negative results for other causes of seizures. Therefore, it is a diagnosis made by exclusion rather than by a specific test. Since we have little breed-specific information to go on, ABCA breeding recommendations concerning this disease are based on those for other affected breeds in which the disease is more well-defined. Recommendations are: Do not breed affected dogs. If two unaffected dogs produce an affected puppy, do not repeat that cross. Genetic diseases not considered to be a significant problem in the breed at this time: Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) PRA is a progressive disease where tissue in the retina of the eye is destroyed. It may initially be noticed as decreased ability of the dog to see at night, and may eventually progress to total blindness. Despite the persisting impression that this genetic disease is prevalent in the breed, extensive investigation has shown the incidence of PRA in Border Collies in North America to be extremely low to non existent. Therefore, the ABCA does not currently consider it a major health concern. Elbow dysplasia Elbow dysplasia is a general term used for what is essentially three different types of degenerative elbow disease. These diseases may occur singly or together and are thought to be caused by several different genes. More and more owners are having their Border Collies' elbows evaluated each year. However, OFA reports a 0% incidence of elbow dysplasia for 210 Border Collies tested from January 1974-December 1999. ABCA does not consider elbow dysplasia a significant health problem in the breed at this time. Common diseases with questionable heritable cause: Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) OCD is a condition that occurs primarily in puppies between the ages of 4-9 months, but can also be found in older puppies. It is considered to be a common disease in rapidly growing dogs of large breeds. However, medium breeds such as the Border Collie can also have a high incidence of this disease. It is seen twice as often in males as in females. The shoulder joint is the most commonly affected site but it can be seen in stifles, elbows, hocks or other joints. The diagnosis is usually confirmed by x-ray of the involved joints. In approximately one third of the cases of OCD, the disease is bilateral (in both joints). Occasionally, it is present in several different joints in the same individual. OCD is thought to be caused by a problem in the growth rate of the joint cartilage relative to the underlying subchondral bone. Although the factors that cause OCD are not completely understood, direct factors considered to be involved in the development of OCD are rapid growth and trauma to the joint. Indirect factors affecting rapid growth include nutrition, hormones, and genetic predisposition to rapid growth and large size. Indirect influences that may lead to increased trauma to the joint include conformation and behavior, which are also influenced by heredity. Therefore, the genetic link for most types of OCD is considered to be indirect, that is, an inherited tendency. Certain sites for OCD lesions, such as the elbow, appear to have a greater direct genetic contribution and a higher heritability than other sites, such as the shoulder. The most important contributing factor in OCD of the shoulder, the most common site, is thought to be trauma. OCD can best be prevented in growing puppies by controlling the main precipitating factors, overnutrition and activities that could result in injury to the joints. Because factors involved in the heritability of OCD are considered to be indirect, and therefore not easily controlled by selection, ABCA has no breeding recommendations for OCD at this time. Common diseases with no known heritable contribution: Focal/Multifocal Acquired Retinopathy (FMAR): This inflammatory eye disease is common in many working breeds and is probably the most frequently seen retinal lesion in Border Collies. Sometimes called "distemper scars" or "worm scars", it is characterized by lesions in the retina that can accumulate over the years, often leading to impaired vision and sometimes leading to blindness. The lesions have a typical "bull's eye" pattern, and tend to be asymmetrical (affect one eye more than the other). The age of onset and rate of progression varies greatly from individual to individual. Males are more frequently affected than females. The characteristics of this disease strongly suggest environmental cause; no heritable pattern has ever been established for its occurrence. Its pathology clearly distinguishes it from PRA, although it is sometimes mistaken for PRA, especially in the later stages of the disease. In summary, this brochure is meant to provide a brief description of some common diseases, some current knowledge about their heritability in our breed, and relevant breeding recommendations. Please remember, diseases present in Border Collies are not limited to those discussed here. Also remember, these recommendations are guidelines, not restrictions. Keep track of updated and more in depth Border Collie health and genetics information by checking the ABCA web site at www.americanbordercollie.org . |
|
看不懂...........
  
|
|
|
这部分内容涉及了边境牧羊犬最主要的几个遗传性疾病.我翻译的时候会穿插加上其他文章内对这几个典型疾病的文字及图片描述. 前几天去悉尼也刚刚了解到澳洲边境牧羊犬的各个协会以及BREEDER都已经达成了一致:所有在澳洲的BREEDER,如果已在澳大利亚边境牧羊犬协会注册登记,其用来繁殖的公/母 狗都需要做以上几个遗传性疾病的检测,取的合格的测试结果及证书后,才可以参加澳洲举办的各类比赛,其幼犬出售也将需提供这些检疫检测结果.所以在澳洲除了有血统证书之外,现在边境还需要一些遗传性疾病的检疫证书.
我们大家也尽快跟上这节课,养狗不是件容易的事情,大家也努力做知识型的养狗人吧. BY THE WAY, 在SYD的时候,和邻座的鬼佬闲聊,他很差异我们中国人也养边境,他和我说: I THOUGHT CHINESE PEOPLE JUST LIKE EAT THEM. 我只好不客气的回了他句,有些人是吃的,就象有些澳洲人吃袋鼠一样. 说完后,场面真尴尬. 现在想想,我们中国人是应该在对待狗,猫和其他动物时,心慈手软一下.刀下留狗啊~~ |
|
楼上的朋友,文章很长,我刚刚开始翻译.翻译好后我会发上去中文版本的.
|
|
black_white
. 以后买边牧找你帮忙哈 . 千万别推辞 . 偶像~~~~
刚刚好
我没恶搞 大伙是愿意听啊, 是愿意听啊, 是愿意听? 还是愿意听呀? 刚刚好 我没沾边 笑什么笑,再笑加钱 |
|
|
首相先生,如果能帮上忙,很乐意效劳了.问题是大家买的都是小狗,估计1,2个月就买回家了,这么小很难判断品质好坏的.澳洲这边小狗全凭PAPER来判断狗品质的优劣.除非大家买的是成年犬,到时如果我参加完培训,有这方面的能力的话,决不推辞.
|
|
哈哈,"就象有些澳洲人吃袋鼠一样"回得好呀~
|
|
|
学呀学
 欢迎光临偶的小店~~~http://shopping.aigou.com/shopDetail_1_221_0.html |
|
|
支持一下~！
|
|
|
black_white 写道： 这部分内容涉及了边境牧羊犬最主要的几个遗传性疾病.我翻译的时候会穿插加上其他文章内对这几个典型疾病的文字及图片描述. 前几天去悉尼也刚刚了解到澳洲边境牧羊犬的各个协会以及BREEDER都已经达成了一致:所有在澳洲的BREEDER,如果已在澳大利亚边境牧羊犬协会注册登记,其用来繁殖的公/母 狗都需要做以上几个遗传性疾病的检测,取的合格的测试结果及证书后,才可以参加澳洲举办的各类比赛,其幼犬出售也将需提供这些检疫检测结果.所以在澳洲除了有血统证书之外,现在边境还需要一些遗传性疾病的检疫证书. 我们大家也尽快跟上这节课,养狗不是件容易的事情,大家也努力做知识型的养狗人吧. BY THE WAY, 在SYD的时候,和邻座的鬼佬闲聊,他很差异我们中国人也养边境,他和我说: I THOUGHT CHINESE PEOPLE JUST LIKE EAT THEM. 我只好不客气的回了他句,有些人是吃的,就象有些澳洲人吃袋鼠一样. 说完后,场面真尴尬. 现在想想,我们中国人是应该在对待狗,猫和其他动物时,心慈手软一下.刀下留狗啊~~ 说的好！支持你。 
 |
|
|
The Border Collie stands alone in its exceptional ability to work livestock. ABCA defines the breed by this working ability. The main goal of any Border Collie breeder should be to produce sound, useful, working dogs. While Border Collies also excel in many non-herding activities, they should be bred primarily to work livestock. The ultimate responsibility for maintaining the integrity of this as yet unspoiled breed lies with the breeders. Breeders are urged to take this responsibility seriously. Puppy buyers are encouraged to buy only from those breeders who do take this responsibility seriously.
边境牧羊犬以其特有的放牧能力而闻名（卓越）．ＡＢＣＡ正是根据这种犬独特的工作能力而确立此犬种．所有边境牧羊犬的繁育（培育）者的主要任务是繁衍出健康而实用的工作犬．虽然边境牧羊犬除放牧羊群以外，也有其他卓越的特性，但繁育这种犬应该首先满足牧场的工作需要．繁殖者应该认真的承担这个责任. 鼓励幼犬购买者仅从那些勇于承担该职责的繁殖者手中购买. (美国人讲了这么多,其实中心思想就是一句话,边境牧羊犬应该首先满足牧场工作的需要,然后才是供大家做为宠物饲养.这种担心是正确的,因为如果大家都把边境做为宠物饲养,那估计牧场主就只好自己挥鞭子赶牛,赶羊了. 不过这种情况在我们中国是不需要担心的,担心也是多余的,试问哪位繁殖者会有这么高的觉悟, 把自己的幼犬送到牧场去工作. 扯远了好象,接着翻) Both breeders and buyers should understand there are risks involved in any breeding, regardless of the amount of care taken to avoid problems. In order to ensure a healthy gene pool for future generations of Border Collies, breeding prospects should be evaluated with reasonable concern for potential problems and realistic goals for what will be produced. The breeding prospect should be considered as a whole being, with positive and negative aspects of the individual being weighed and balanced for an overall picture of a dog's suitability. Breeding should be undertaken with thoughts of what the parents have to offer to their pups that could benefit the breed. 繁殖者和购买者双方都应该清楚在繁殖中存在很多的风险,不管你付出多少努力试图避免这些问题的发生.为了保证世代的边境牧羊犬有健康的基因链, 繁殖者在繁殖之前应该给予足够的重视, 对将要繁殖出的幼犬的潜在问题及现实目标进行评估. 繁殖展望应该以一只狗是一个完整的生命为出发点,考虑其积极因素和消极因素两方面,要纵观全局考虑其适宜性. 繁殖也应该从父母(指狗)将给幼犬带来哪些影响来考虑, 这将有益于该犬种发展. 翻译的有点绕嘴,不太好意思,这里给大家白话讲一下, 这段主要是指繁殖对这个犬种有着很深远的意义,繁殖者要重视,繁殖前要做好计划,要进行评估.比如, 哪一天,国内突然发现有一只边边是一只红眼和一只蓝眼, 大家都超级喜欢. 如果你是这只犬的拥有者,这时就要做繁殖计划和评估, 从它后代的健康,会不会出现新的遗传疾病,对边境整个血系的影响等全盘考虑. 而不要以生出的小狗可以多卖几万两银子为繁殖目的. 说到这,我也想到了大家总是抱怨中国宠物市场没有RULES, 太多抄做,使大家要花好多钱才能买到自己喜爱的宠物,其实我还是觉着问题出在买方,而不是卖方. 买方市场里怎么可能会被卖方牵着鼻子走呢? 原因就是一个,买方信息不够灵通,买方知识匮乏,买方实际上是冲动性消费者,不是理智型或者成熟型消费者.这就给卖方(或者一些骗子)提供了机会和平台,他们今天可以抄做是因为大家知道的太少. 大家不要说现在边边少,基因不稳定,所以价格高.我不反对高品质有高价格,但我反对低品质高价格.大家要鉴别犬的好坏, 随便上网搜查,不能成为专家,至少一般人是蒙蔽不了的. 讲了这么多废话,其实就是想鼓励大家多学习, 多了解.国内朋友成为成熟型购买者的一天,市场就会健康,秩序就会井然. 晚上再给大家翻译第二部分. 做饭去了~~ |
|
一直觉得自己通过一年多的学习，了解了不少犬科的知识，看了BW的帖子，顿有自惭形秽的感觉，差距是很大的！还好自己始终抱有一颗学习的心，没有妄自尊大的念头。一定要向BW朋友认真地学学。搬一个板凳坐下来好好学习！
顺便向BW致敬！俺总算是开了眼了！！ this.width=640;'> ) 双料CH-Julian的优秀直子预定 |
|
|
Genetic Diseases
基因性疾病 To be considered a genetic disease, a health problem needs to have been demonstrated to be heritable, that is, passed on through one or both parents. Some diseases have high heritability, which means if the genes are present, the individual will have the disease, and some diseases have low heritability, meaning both genetic and environmental factors are involved in whether the disease occurs. It is generally easier to control diseases with high heritability because all individuals with the genetic makeup for the disease can usually be identified. The term heritable disease should be distinguished from the term congenital disease, or problems that are present from birth, which may or may not be heritable. 遗传性疾病 当谈到基因性疾病时,身体上的病症通常需要证明它是可遗传,即通过单亲或双亲遗传, 一些疾病具有非常高的可遗传性, 就是说如果生命个体中带有这些基因, 那就会获得这样的疾病. 另一些疾病则具有比较低的可遗传性.即基因因素和环境因素两方面都可以决定个体是否获得某种遗传疾病. (也就是说,遗传性比较低的疾病,有的个体会被遗传,有的个体则不会被遗传. 遗传性强的疾病通常很容易被控制,因为所有带有遗传性基因疾病的个体,通常很容易被确认出来. 遗传性疾病应该和先天性疾病或从一出生就带有的一些可能会被遗传,也可能不会被遗传的疾病是完全不同的. Border Collies are considered to be a generally healthy breed. However, as in all animals, there are some potential health problems. This information is presented to help both breeders and buyers to become more aware of some of the health and genetic issues in the breed at this time. The primary genetic diseases currently thought to be a problem in the breed are as follows: 边境牧羊犬是一种健康的犬种,然而,象所有动物一样,它们也有一些隐性的疾病. 现在这些资料将帮助繁殖者和购买者更多的了解这一品种的一些健康及基因问题 当前在边境牧羊犬这一犬种中基本的基因疾病如下 Hip Dysplasia (HD) HD is by far the most prevalent known genetic disease that affects Border Collies. Factors that contribute to the development of HD ultimately cause the hip joint to be damaged. Joint damage called osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative joint disease (DJD) is manifested by cartilage and bone breakdown and irregular bony remodeling in response to stresses and inflammatory processes in the joint. DJD is, in effect, the identifiable result of factors that cause HD. The standard for diagnosing HD at this time is still the front extended-leg view of the hips on x-ray such as that evaluated by The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA). OFA reports a 12.6% affected rate for Border Collies evaluated from 1974-2000. This HD incidence ranks them somewhere in the middle of the dog breeds. Pre-submission screening and selection for probable favorable OFA results by owners and their veterinarians very likely skews this percentage significantly to the low side. Therefore, the true incidence of HD is probably much higher, possibly as high as double the OFA figure. If true, this would mean, on average, one out of every four Border Collies has HD. HIP DYSPLASIA 英文简写为 HD (也叫做 HIP JOINT DYSPLASIA, 英文简写 HIP. 中文:髋关节疾病) HD 是对边境牧羊犬影响最普遍的基因疾病.随着HD病情的发展将最终导致髋关节坏死.髋关节损坏称为骨关节炎,也被称为关节变性病(DJD), 它被证明在经重力和激烈性运动,其临床表现症状为髋关节结合出软骨病,骨质疏松和骨骼异常生长. DJD实际上,可以被确认的结果便是直接导致HD.目前最权威的诊断HD的方法仍然是用X 光透视后腿延长部分.比如象动物整形外科协会 (OFA). OFA 报告称从1974-2000年诊断的边境牧羊犬中有12.6%经受此种疾病折磨. HD这种疾病的影响范围在所有犬种疾病中排在中间位置. OFA的报告结果受兽医和饲养者的影响,报告结果的百分比数被大大减低了. 因此, 实际上这种疾病的影响范围可能非常之高,基本是OFA报告数字的1倍以上,即平均, 1/4 的边境牧羊犬具有这种疾病. Despite what some may claim, data from numerous scientific studies provide overwhelming evidence that HD is an inherited disease. It is thought to be caused by at least three and possibly as many as six primary genes. The number of genes involved, combined with the high incidence, means it's probable that most Border Collies are at least carriers of one or more of the genes that can contribute to the development of HD, even if they don't have the disease themselves. To confuse matters more, the expression of the disease is affected by environmental conditions such as the type and amount of food a dog gets at critical growth stages, as well as the type and amount of exercise and activity it gets. It must be remembered, however, that these environmental factors do not cause HD. They merely affect whether the HD genes present in that individual will be expressed to the fullest. Even if the expression of HD in a certain individual is suppressed by careful control of environmental factors, you have not changed the dog's genetic makeup. That dog will still pass on the genetic tendency for HD just as if it actually had the disease. Conversely, if a dog does not have the genes for HD, it won't develop the disease no matter how it's raised. 不管有些人怎么说, 无数的科学研究资料都压倒性的证明 HD是一种遗传性疾病。它被认为是由于至少3个最多6个的初级基因引起的. 明天把这段翻译完，先休息下． 紫燕太客气了，我也是在学习中．有空在向你请教 |
|
嗯 收藏一下 ^_^ 谢谢LZ
|
|
|
向你和那些真正的爱犬人致以我最崇高的敬意！！！
 BLACK WHITE 谢谢你，辛苦了！
Anni 于 2006-06-04 00:16 最后编辑
爱喜乐蒂,爱生活,爱人民币,爱做黄粱梦,哈哈哈!!!
|
|
|
好文章呀，大家要学习。
|
|
|
学习
|
|
|
谢谢black_white，越来越精彩了。学习中！
|
|
|
楼主 你辛苦辛苦 你来北京我请你吃饭 真的 目的可不是要你帮我买狗哦 来了一定要通知我哦
|
|
RE:边境牧羊犬的健康与遗传性疾病(美国边境牧羊犬协会)
